Is the pulse rate useful in assessing risk of diabetic retinopathy and macular oedema? The Wisconsin Epidemiological Study of Diabetic Retinopathy.

AIM To describe the relation between pulse rate and incident diabetic retinopathy. METHODS Population based cohort study of people with diabetes. Resting pulse rate was measured in 30 second intervals. Diabetic retinopathy was evaluated from masked gradings of fundus photographs. RESULTS People with higher pulse rates were more likely to have 4 year progression of retinopathy, progression to proliferative retinopathy, and incident macular oedema than those with lower pulse rates. However, these associations were attenuated after controlling for blood pressure, glycosylated haemoglobin, and other risk factors. CONCLUSION Pulse rate may be a clinical indicator of overall risk of diabetic retinopathy, but is not independently associated with the condition.